Causes of Domestic Violence in India

Domestic violence in India is a pervasive issue that affects individuals across socio-economic backgrounds. It is a complex problem with deep-rooted causes encompassing sociological, historical, religious and cultural factors. This article delves into the causes of domestic violence in India, shedding light on the various elements that contribute to its prevalence.

What are the Causes of Domestic Violence in India?

Sociological/Behavioural Factors

One of the primary causes of domestic violence in India lies in sociological and behavioural factors. Anger issues, an aggressive attitude, economic hardships, status differences, controlling or dominating behaviour, drug addiction, upbringing and psychological instability play significant roles.

The neglect of conjugal responsibilities due to extramarital affairs or a lack of trust further exacerbates the vulnerability to domestic violence. The interplay of these factors creates an environment conducive to abusive relationships.

Historical Factors

Historically, domestic violence in India can be traced back to the inherent evils of patriarchy and a deep-seated superiority complex among males. The traditional societal structure, where men were considered the primary decision-makers and women were expected to be submissive, has perpetuated power imbalances that contribute to abusive relationships leading to one of the causes of domestic violence in India.

Religious Factors

Religious sanctifications subtly endorse male dominance, providing a framework that, whether implicit or explicit, contributes to the perpetration of domestic violence. The misinterpretation of religious doctrines has, in some cases, reinforced gender hierarchies, leading to the justification of abusive behavior.

Cultural Factors

Cultural norms and practices also play a significant role in fueling domestic violence. The desire for a male child, deeply rooted in cultural beliefs and traditions, often results in the mistreatment of women. The obsession with having a male heir, coupled with a lack of awareness and an ingrained sense of male superiority, creates an environment conducive to domestic violence against women.

Dowry

Dowry, a socio-cultural practice, deserves special attention due to its alarming association with domestic violence. While dowry has historical roots, its illegal demand has led to numerous cases of abuse against women.

The Indian Parliament recognised the severity of this issue, designating dowry-related domestic violence as a distinct category under the Domestic Violence Act. The demand for dowry becomes a tool for manipulation and control within marital relationships, further perpetuating violence against women.

Reporting Mechanisms and Legal Implications

In response to the pervasive nature of domestic violence, the legal system in India provides mechanisms for reporting and seeking redress. Under the Domestic Violence Act, any aggrieved woman or witness can approach the local Police Station, Protection Officer or a Service Provider. The court can appoint a protection officer to enforce its orders, acting as a crucial link between victims and the legal system.

Complaints can also be filed directly with the magistrate under the Domestic Violence Act. Section 498-A of the Indian Penal Code recognises and penalises marital cruelty, offering additional legal recourse. Importantly, individuals providing information about the offense are exempt from civil and criminal liability, encouraging the reporting of domestic violence incidents.

Distinctive Features of Domestic Violence

What sets domestic violence apart from other forms of violence is the formation of a pattern of abuse. It involves a continuous effort to maintain power and control, leading to a systematic and sustained pattern of abusive behavior by one intimate partner against another.

This is in contrast to situational violence, which occurs sporadically during specific conflicts. Domestic violence, on the other hand, is characterised by frequency and has the potential for long-term physical, emotional and psychological harm.

Verbal Abuse as a Form of Domestic Violence

While physical violence often takes center stage when discussing domestic violence, the impact of verbal abuse should not be underestimated. Domestic violence often begins with verbal abuse before escalating into more severe forms. Section 3 of the Domestic Violence Act recognises verbal violence as a legitimate form of domestic violence, acknowledging its potential to erode a person’s sense of self-worth and lead to psychological trauma and depression.

Domestic Violence Against Men

While the legal framework primarily focuses on protecting women, it is essential to recognise that men can also be victims of domestic violence. While the Domestic Violence Act does not specifically cater to men, provisions for divorce on grounds of cruelty exist under Section 13(1)(ia) of the Hindu Marriage Act.

The Supreme Court of India has acknowledged the need for protection against domestic violence for men, highlighting the importance of a gender-neutral approach to address this issue.

Acts Constituting Violence Against Men

Violence against men often takes on a different manifestation, with more emphasis on mental, verbal and emotional abuse than physical violence. The impact of emotional abuse can be profound, causing lasting harm that may not be immediately apparent. Recognising the diverse forms of abuse against men is crucial for creating an inclusive and effective response to domestic violence.

Consequences of Domestic Violence Against Women

The consequences of domestic violence against women are both short-term and long-term, affecting physical and mental health. Short-term physical effects may include bruises, cuts, broken bones or internal injuries. However, the emotional and verbal abuse can have lasting impacts on the mental well-being of both women and their children.

Long-term consequences of domestic violence against women are linked to various health problems. Mental health effects may include Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), depression and anxiety. The enduring emotional trauma can lead to substance abuse and drug addiction, further exacerbating the health implications.

Conclusion

Domestic violence in India is a deeply rooted societal problem with causes of domestic violence in India that span across various domains. The Causes of Domestic Violence in India include sociological, historical, religious and cultural factors. Legal frameworks, reporting mechanisms and increased awareness are crucial components of the solution.

Additionally, recognising the diverse manifestations of abuse, including verbal and emotional and ensuring a gender-neutral approach are vital steps toward creating a society free from the scourge of domestic violence. It is imperative that individuals, communities and policymakers work collaboratively to address the root causes and provide support for victims, fostering a society built on equality, respect and empathy.